In 1967–68, Rudolph and Schmahl, and Labeyrie and Flamand succeeded independently in producing plane gratings suitable for spectroscopic work by recording interference fringes, which were formed between two plane wavefronts, in photoresist coated on a glass blank. The advent of argon ion lasers and photoresist changed the situation. Following his suggestion many researchers tried in the 1950s to make gratings, but they failed to produce high-quality gratings for lack of an intense coherent light source and a suitable recording material. To avoid these difficulties inherent to mechanical ruling, Michelson suggested in 1927 a nonmechanical method of grating production by photographing interference fringes. Ruling of gratings, however, had various problems such as diamond wear, adverse environmental effects, limitation in groove positioning accuracy, and so on. In these developments, every effort had been directed to rule perfectly equispaced parallel grooves. This novel method of engine control and the development of high-fidelity replication processes made a variety of high-quality gratings commercially available in the 1950s. In the late 1940s Harrison applied interferometry to ruling-engine control. In the 1880s Rowland invented the concave grating and produced both plane and concave gratings of high quality by using his sophisticated ruling engine. However, we had to wait until the late nineteenth century to see the beginning of the modern era of the ruled grating. The history of diffraction gratings can be traced back to 1785 when Rittenhouse made the first known transmission grating by winding human hair between two parallel fine screws. Takeshi Namioka, in Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectroscopy, 2000 17.1 Introduction
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